"Early History of Gadsden County" is now available for Amazon Kindle

I'm pleased to announce that The Early History of Gadsden County is now available for download for your Amazon Kindle. The cost is just $7.99 and the profit will go to the West Gadsden Historical Society.

The book delves into many of the unique events from the past of Gadsden County. Included are details on early exploration and the Hernando de Soto expedition's march through the county, the Spanish mission era, Scott's Massacre of 1817 and the First Seminole War, early settlement, the U.S. Arsenal at Chattahoochee, discovery of the Torreya tree, development of the tobacco industry, the McLane Massacre, forts of the Second Seminole War, the capture of the arsenal at Chattahoochee, the C.S.S. Chattahoochee and Gadsden County's role at the Battle of Natural Bridge.

The book is also available in printed form through www.exploresouthernhistory.com/dalecox or your favorite online bookstore, as well as at the Twin City News in Chattahoochee, Shear Attitudes in Havana and Padgett Jewelers, Mr. Earnest Pecan Shop and the office of Dr. Sterling Watson, all in Quincy. The book is available in Marianna at Chipola River Book and Tea on Lafayette Street downtown.

Remembering Gadsden County Cigars

The news today that the newly approved Federal tobacco tax will increase the tax on hand rolled Florida cigars by 500% brought to mind the days when Gadsden County was a major producer of hand rolled cigars.

Let me say first that I don't smoke and never have, nor do I encourage it, but I am not aware of any problem with kids being addicted to expensive hand-rolled Florida cigars. The new tax was designed to make tobacco products too expensive for kids to buy. Industry executives in South Florida say it will most likely make it too expensive for them to continue to produce any cigars in Florida, driving the 2 billion dollar industry off-shore.

Gadsden County was once a major center, in fact, the center for this Florida industry. It was in Gadsden County that high quality tobacco for cigars was first grown in Florida. The following is excerpted from my 2008 book, The Early History of Gadsden County:

-Excerpt-

When the Comte de Castelnau visited Gadsden County in 1837 and 1838, he reported seeing many “fine cotton plantations” between Quincy and the Ochlockonee River, but his eye was more captivated by another crop that was producing amazing fortunes in the region – tobacco:

Cuban tobacco succeeds remarkably well in Middle Florida, and particularly in the light and somewhat sandy soils around Quincy. It requires continual care, as it is attacked by many insects. A slave cannot take care of more than two acres. It is recognized that tobacco requires new land, and generally the same ground is planted to it only two years and then it is planted to corn or cotton. It is felt that this manner of cultivation can be followed only in a country where the land is cheap. This product has been considered the most profitable of all and some small planters have made from three to five thousand francs from the work of each slave.

Tobacco was introduced to Florida as an agricultural crop by Governor William P. Duval during the 1820s and was first tried on a commercial scale by John Smith of Gadsden County. Smith experimented with both the “Little Duval” variety introduced by Governor Duval as well as with the “Florida Leaf,” a somewhat larger variety.

The history of tobacco production in Gadsden County was well told by Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles H. DuPont in an 1875 address to the Florida Fruit Growers Association:

The first reliable experiment that was made with the Cuba tobacco as a market crop, was inaugurated about the year 1830 by Mr. John Smith, a citizen of Gadsden county, who had recently immigrated from the State of Virginia, and was well acquainted with the culture of the Virginia chewing tobacco. His first experiment was with the, "Little Duval," but the demand for the "Wrapper" leaf becoming urgent, and the product per acre being much larger, he abandoned the former and confined his attention exclusively to the latter. His extraordinary success attracted the attention of the non-slaveholders and other small planters, and with them it soon became a staple market crop, and with the large cotton planters an extra crop, which without curtailing the amount of cotton produced, usually paid all the expenses of the plantation.

The Comte de Castelnau, during his brief visit to Quincy in February of 1838, described how a number of workers had come to Gadsden County from Cuba and were then engaged in the manufacture of cigars. Although they usually hesitated to allow visitors to see the interiors of their shops, they agreed to his request:

…They begin by taking a package of leaves, and they moisten them by sprinkling them with water which they hold in their mouths, and expel a very fine spray. They then take a leaf, place it on a layer of cork, and by means of a very sharp instrument smooth it, and obliquely cut the ends which are put in the center to form the inside of the cigar. It is then rolled and quickly assumes the form in which it is sold.

Castelnau noted that smokers of the day preferred “spotted cigars” and reported that these were created by sprinkling regular cigars with acid.

By 1850, of the 998,614 pounds of tobacco grown in Florida, 776,177 pounds were produced in Gadsden County. By 1860, the total had grown to more than one million pounds. Although he was never a cotton producer, Chief Justice DuPont was a well-placed resident of Gadsden County and had no difficulty recognizing the impact of the leaf on the local economy. He left little doubt that while cotton may have been king in much of the antebellum South, tobacco was most certainly the prince of Gadsden County. DuPont waxed philosophical in his description of its role in advancing civilization in the county:

…While it required no outlay of capital, it gave a return for the labor expended beyond the most sanguine anticipations. It furnished light and pleasant employment for the entire family, embracing wife and children, and by their united efforts they were greeted at the end of the year with a cash surplus over and above the provision necessary to be made for the supply of their physical wants. With this surplus annually accumulating comes the budding of a manly and commend able ambition. The father contemplates himself, and then looks upon his children as they gather around the domestic hearth: he becomes conscious of his own deficiencies, and forthwith registers in his swelling bosom the manly resolve that his children shall realize advantages which he never enjoyed. Soon the little log meeting-house undergoes repairs and enlargement, and others are erected for the more comfortable accommodation of the neighborhood. The preacher, in his visits to his weekly appointments, receives a warmer pressure of the hand that greets him, and a more cordial invitation to partake of the hospitality of the farm-house. The cry goes out, too, for the inauguration of a higher grade of schools than is usually found in the sparsely-populated new country. The cry increases and increases until it reaches to an imperative demand. Then the few educated men of the county meet in council to deliberate on the subject, and the result of that, deliberation is an application to the Legislative Council for a charter of incorporation for the establishment of the "Quincy Academy."

The academy described by DuPont still stands today in Quincy. The idea of an academy originated in the county in 1828 and the Legislative Council approved the incorporation of the Quincy Academy in 1832. Closely associated with the Washington Lodge Number 1, the academy was actually one of several schools established in early Gadsden County and provided educational opportunities for both boys and girls. When the female facility was destroyed by fire (along with the Gadsden County Courthouse) in 1849, the move was begun to build the structure that still stands. It was completed in 1851.

Tobacco by 1844 was producing more in wealth for Gadsden County than cotton and had long outlasted sugar cane as a commercial crop. Its impact on the county and its economy, stimulated by the development of the shade tobacco process, continued well into the 20th century and a number of charming old tobacco barns still stand as reminders of this crop that created thousands of jobs and pumped millions of dollars into Gadsden County for well over 100 years.

- End of Excerpt -

The Early History of Gadsden County is available through the West Gadsden Historical Society and benefits their work to preserve and interpret the history of Gadsden County. It is also available from Amazon.com by clicking here.

Gadsden County at the Battle of Natural Bridge

Today is the 144th anniversary of the Battle of Natural Bridge, fought south of Tallahassee on March 6, 1865.

Men and boys from Gadsden County played a critical role in this fight, which preserved Tallahassee's status as the only Southern capital east of the Mississippi not conquered by Union troops during the War Between the States.

The following is excerpted from my recent book, The Early History of Gadsden County, now available at http://www.amazon.com/.

--Excerpt--

Located north of Newport, the Natural Bridge was the next viable place where Newton’s Federals could cross the river. As the name implies, it was a natural formation where the St. Marks flowed underground for a short distance, creating a “bridge” where the river could be crossed. The march was long, dark and exhausting:

Sleeping and marching did not go well together for me, and my experience was shared by many others, we would strike a smooth bit of road, and five or six would probably be marching along asleep. Presently one would stumble and fall, not along, mind you for he would bring the sleeping fellows ahead like ten pins. It was not an unfrequent occurrence to see four or five on the ground at once, which would wake us up a little only to enact the same over again.

The column reached the Natural Bridge before daybreak and found Colonel Scott and a few of his cavalry from Newport already there. They were immediately formed into a line of battle.
Three of the Gadsden County home guard units were on the field at this time: the Gadsden Grays under Captain DuPont, Miles Johnston’s Company and the men under J. Porter Scott. They were initially placed on the left flank under Lieutenant Colonel Girardeau of the 1st Florida Militia. They had brought their cannon with them and it was placed in charge of a detachment under Lieutenant Whitehead.

The other Gadsden County unit at Natural Bridge before sunrise was Company L, 1st Florida Infantry Reserves, under Captain Gilchrist. These men, along with the six other companies of their regiment, formed the center of the curving Confederate line, while a force of dismounted cavalry under Major William H. Milton were placed on the right flank. Cannon were spaced at intervals along the line and the men fell on their arms to rest.

No sooner had they done so, however, than did the battle start. Dr. Hentz, who was to the rear at an old “piney woods house” designated the hospital, left a vivid description of the opening shots:

…All of a sudden bang-bang-bang-bang-bang went off a scattering volley of musketry down on the bridge accompanied by a wild Confederate yell; I saw the flashing of the guns in the dark; immediately a cannon that was in position began throwing shell into the advancing Yankees; one after another some half dozen were thrown, and exploded down in the darkness about the bridge; when suddenly volleys of musketry were poured from the companies supporting the cannon; and replied to by the Yankees – sheets of flame illuminating the darkness, and Minnie balls were whistling and shrieking all about us; cutting the bushes & hitting trees all about.

The Battle of Natural Bridge was underway. The Federals tried to force their way across the bridge, hoping to overpower the Confederates on the west bank, but were hurled back by the artillery fire and volleys of musketry described by Dr. Hentz. The Gadsden County men on the left flank were heavily engaged in this stage of the fighting and due to their position were able to pour fire into the flanks of the Union troops each time they advanced. After a determined effort to seize the passage, the Union officers pulled their men back to the cover of the woods while they assessed the situation.

To the south at Newport, the men of Smith’s company could hear the artillery fire at Natural Bridge:

…We heard as many as three or four reports of cannon toward a front, seven or eight miles further up the river named the Natural Bridge and at which point a courier told us was desperately threatened by the foe.

Not long afterward we marched thither leaving Newport entirely defenseless since the enemy opposite us had not all gone. Our route was over the Newport Plank Road, hedged on either side by the verdancy of the season.

The men from Newport reached Natural Bridge at around 8:30 a.m., placing five companies of men from Gadsden County on the ground. Major General Jones and Brigadier General William Miller were now both on the scene and after conferring decided to rearrange the position of the men on the line. Lieutenant Whitehead’s detachment with their cannon was moved around to the far right flank of the Confederate line. A section of the Gadsden Home Guards, now commanded by Colonel Love himself, was moved to the center and placed in support of two pieces of artillery from the Kilcrease Light Artillery commanded by Captain Patrick Houstoun. Their position was at the top of the ridge, just to the right of the point where the road now passes through Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park.

The rest of the Gadsden County citizens, now serving under Lieutenant Colonel Girardeau, remained in position with the other home guards on the left flank, while Gilchrist’s company of reserves was positioned with the rest of that regiment along the right side of the long curving line.

These rearrangements had just been perfected and the Confederates were busily engaged in throwing up earthen breastworks when the Federals suddenly launched their main attack. Dr. Hentz, serving at the hospital to the rear, remembered that shot and shell began falling heavily around him:

At about noon the battle began in earnest; shells flew thick and fast; and balls were whistling and falling everywhere. Where Dr. Mapp and I were sitting, a distance in the rear of the line of battle, Minnie balls were falling about us all day, making the dirty fly; and shells thrown by the Yankees’ cannon, burst occasionally in the air. One shell burst so close to us that a fragment as large as the palm of my hand tore the ground up just beyond my foot….

Among the soldiers on the field at this time was the editor of the Quincy Semi-Weekly Dispatch. From his position with the home guards on the left flank, he described how, “The enemy attacked with considerable spirit and made three attempts to cross the bridge, but each time was repulsed with comparatively heavy loss.

The sound of the battle could be heard for miles around and the residents of North Florida listened intently to the boom of the cannon, silently hoping and praying that the Confederates would hold. The situation now was far more than political. If the Federal troops forced their way across at Natural Bridge, then all of Florida between the Suwannee and the Apalachicola would be open to them. As the raid on Marianna had demonstrated the previous fall, this would mean devastation of the local economy and infrastructure and misery beyond description.

In one of the rare occurrences of the war, however, the Confederates at Natural Bridge outnumbered their enemy in both men and artillery. Eight courageous charges by the Federal troops were driven back and General Newton was finally forced to acknowledge that his campaign was at an end. His troops began a slow withdrawal from the battlefield, hurling back Southern counterattacks by the 2nd Florida Cavalry (C.S.) and felling trees across the road to slow pursuit. By nightfall the Union soldiers were in full retreat to the Gulf of Mexico.

The men and boys from Gadsden County had played a critical role in the fighting of the Natural Bridge campaign. The presence of Smith’s company had been vital in allowing the Confederates to hold the position at Newport Bridge, forcing the Federals to march north and try to cross at Natural Bridge. The efforts of the other companies there during the early stages of the battle, in a stand-up fight on open ground before they had time to build breastworks, gave Confederate officers time to bring enough reinforcements in men and artillery to the field to win the battle. Tallahassee would remain the only Southern capital east of the Mississippi River not captured by Union forces during the War Between the States.

When the smoke cleared and casualties could be assessed, the disproportionate outcome of the battle was obvious. Southern forces lost 6 killed or mortally wounded, 39 wounded and 4 captured or missing. Five African American civilians at Newport had also been killed by artillery fire. The Union forces, by comparison, had suffered the loss of 34 killed or mortally wounded, 77 wounded and 40 captured or missing in action. The Confederates had sustained a total loss of 49 (exclusive of the civilians at Newport), while the Federals had lost 151. Amazingly, none of the citizen soldiers from Gadsden County were killed or wounded in the battle.

Beyond its obvious role in preventing the capture of Tallahassee and St. Marks, the Battle of Natural Bridge served a greater purpose in preventing the desolation of Gadsden, Leon and surround counties by Union forces. The north was then practicing a strategy of “total warfare,” as evidence by their actions at Marianna and during Sherman’s March to the Sea. Had Newton and his men broken through at Newport and Natural Bridge, it is reasonable to assume that the entire region would have experienced vast economic damage and destruction.

Instead, by achieving the last significant Southern victory of the War Between the States, the men from Gadsden and the surrounding counties saved their homes and communities as well as their state capital. The war ended just a few months later, but with its infrastructure still intact, the people of Gadsden County were able to rebound quickly from the horrors of the war. The county stepped through the door into the future even as the area of Florida to the west descended into a brutal time of post-war violence and bloodshed.

--To read this chapter in its entirety, including the lists of Gadsden County men known to have been at the Battle of Natural Bridge, please consider purchasing a copy of The Early History of Gadsden County now available at http://www.amazon.com/.

Early History of Gadsden County now available at Amazon.com

The Early History of Gadsden County is now available for order online through Amazon.com. The book went into national release over the weekend.

Please click here for ordering information.

Sales from this book benefit the West Gadsden Historical Society in its efforts to preserve and interpret the history of Gadsden County, Florida.

The book covers incidents from the history of Gadsden County beginning with the Spanish mission era and continuing up through the War Between the States. Some highlights include Ellicott's Observatory, Nicolls' Outpost, the Second Seminole War, the McLane Massacre, the U.S. Arsenal at Chattahoochee, Neamathla's Reserve, the C.S.S. Chattahoochee and Gadsden County's role at the Battle of Natural Bridge.

The Forts of Gadsden County

It is a little known fact that Gadsden County has been the location of a suprising number of forts and military posts over the years. Over the next week or so, we'll explore the history of some of these.

Although little remains of these, with the exception of a few structures from the 19th century U.S. Arsenal at Chattahoochee, they were important to the early history of not just the county, but the nation itself.

Here is a list of the sites that we will explore over coming days:

• Old Spanish Fort
• Nicolls' Outpost
• U.S. Arsenal at Chattahoochee
• Fort Barbour
• Fort McClellan
• Lamb's Camp Fort
• Unnamed Forts of the Second Seminole War

We'll begin with a look at the rumored Old Spanish Fort at Chattahoochee later today.

Ellicott's Observatory - A Key Moment in Gadsden County, History

The man seen here is Andrew Ellicott, a contemporary and friend of President George Washington and the man assigned to survey the permanent border between the United States and Spanish Florida.

In 1799 he and his men camped on the present-day site of Chattahoochee, where they conducted astronomical observations to help determine the exact location of the boundary.

The story of Ellicott's Observatory is told in one of the chapters in the new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. If you are interested in obtaining a copy, they can be ordered online by clicking here or from the West Gadsden Historical Society at PO Box D, Greensboro, FL 32330-0803 for $25.00 plus $5 shipping and handling. You can call them for more information at (850) 442-6434 or (850) 442-4041.

Here is the first of a series of excerpts from the Ellicott's Observatory chapter that I will be posting over coming days:

(Excerpt from Chapter Five)

Spain lost control of Florida as a result of the French and Indian War, but regained control of its North American colony in 1783 due to its alliance with the fledgling United States during the American Revolution. Even though they had been allies in the war against Great Britain, however, the two countries soon became uneasy neighbors. Settlers in the southern states looked hungrily to Florida and the Gulf Coast. The old European power found itself faced with an unexpectedly rising American power.

The location of the true border between the two countries became a major issue and following extensive negotiations, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795.

Ratified the following year, the document provided that permanent border between Spanish Florida and the territory of the United States would run east along the 31st parallel to the Chattahoochee River. From the point where the line intersected the river, it would turn south down the center of the Chattahoochee to the tip of the point of land at its confluence with the Flint. From there the line would again turn east and run to the headwaters of the St. Mary’s River, thence down that stream to the Atlantic.

This was all well and good, but neither nation knew exactly where the 31st parallel lay and no one had ever explored the St. Mary’s River sufficiently to find its actual head. As a result it was necessary to employ a joint surveying team to mark the border and establish the line once and for all. The United States designated Andrew Ellicott as its Commissioner of Limits. Spain selected James Dunbar, who was eventually replaced by Stephen Minor.

One of the young nation’s most distinguished surveyors, Ellicott was a native of Maryland and had served during the American Revolution as a major in the Maryland militia. His previous work included the 1786 survey of the western border of Pennsylvania and, of particular note, his 1791 project undertaken at the request of President George Washington to establish the limits for the new District of Columbia. He was one of the men responsible for the unique street design of Washington, D.C.

Spain’s original commissioner, James Dunbar, fell ill before the survey project could begin and was replaced by Captain Stephen Minor of Natchez. A native of Pennsylvania, Minor had served in the Spanish army during the American Revolution and was at the captures of Mobile and Pensacola during that war. A planter, official and commander of the Spanish fort in Natchez, Mississippi, he was a leading figure of his time.

Ellicott and Minor began work on the Mobile River in Alabama in 1799, accompanied by a large team of surveyors, contractors and Spanish troops. The soldiers provided protection for the party against the Creeks, a necessity because the two countries were illegally dividing lands that really belonged to someone else, the Creek Nation. A council was convened with leaders of the Upper Creeks at Pensacola to explain that neither country intended to take any of their lands, but instead were engaged in drawing a line to establish the limits of influence agreed to between the two countries. The Lower Creeks and Seminoles were not represented at the council, but the Spanish governor sent emissaries to them to explain the project.

Ellicott and Minor began the survey by conducting astronomical observations on the Mobile River to determine the exact location where the 31st parallel intersected the river. After erecting a stone at the beginning point for the line, the two commissioners proceeded to Pensacola to enjoy the hospitality of the governor there while the actual work party started chopping its way through the wilderness to mark the line as far east as the Chattahoochee River.

Although neither Ellicott nor Minor knew it at the time, the primitive equipment they used cased them to actually miss their mark. The point where they thought the 31st parallel intersected the Mobile River was actually 799 feet off from the true spot. Over the long distance separating the Mobile and Chattahoochee Rivers, this led to considerable error in marking the line. A study by Greg Spies of Troy University has revealed that the Ellicott Line varies from the true border for virtually its entire length.

Anniversary of Scott's Massacre - November 30, 1817

Today marks the 191st anniversary of the Seminole War battle remembered as Scott's Massacre.

This bloody fight took place on November 30, 1817, on the Apalachicola River in roughly the area of Chattahoochee Landing in Gadsden County.

The battle began when Seminole and Creek warriors attacked a U.S. Army supply boat from the Gadsden County side of the river. The current had forced the boat to navigate close to the shore, allowing the warriors to fire from point blank range.

After firing a volley of musket and rifle fire that killed or wounded most of the able-bodied U.S. soldiers on the boat, the warriors (reportedly led by the refugee Creek chief Homathlemico and others) waded into the river and overwhelmed the survivors. The incident was widely mentioned in 19th century histories of the United States, but has now faded into obscurity. Illustrations like the one shown here were used in a number of books of that era.

The attack resulted in the deaths of at least 34 U.S. soldiers, 6 women (wives of soldiers) and 4 children. Four other soldiers were wounded, but escaped by leaping into the river and swimming away to the opposite bank. Only three people survived without injury. Two of them were soldiers that escaped to the opposite bank. The third, Elizabeth Stewart, was taken captive by the warriors and held in various villages until the following spring when she was rescued by troops under Andrew Jackson.

The event marked the deadliest day in the history of Gadsden County. If you would like to learn more, please consider my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. The book can be ordered by following the link and can also be purchased through the West Gadsden Historical Society. Simply visit www.gadsdenhistory.org for their address and phone number. It is also available at Chipola River Book and Tea in Marianna (downtown across from the Battle of Marianna monument) and will be available through other locations in January.

Scott's Massacre of 1817 - Part Three

This little scene sketch shows Creek and Seminole warriors preparing to ambush Lt. Scott's boat as it nears the east bank of the Apalachicola River at today's Chattahoochee Landing.

The artwork was used as an illustration in a century old book on U.S. history.

Here is more of the story of the massacre from my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County:

(Excerpt)

By the afternoon of December 30, 1817, Scott’s boat was nearing the present-day site of Chattahoochee. As the boat came around the sharp bend between today’s highway and railroad bridges, the strong current of the Apalachicola forced the soldiers to navigate close to the Gadsden County shore. A force of several hundred Creek, Seminole and African American warriors was concealed there, arrayed along the riverbank in the area just below Chattahoochee Landing. The boat was extremely vulnerable as Scott and his able-bodied men worked to make headway around the bend and the leader of the war party, the Red Stick chief Homathlemico, chose this moment to make his attack.

As General Gaines indicated in his report to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, the assault was sudden and overwhelming:

…It is now my painful duty to report an affair of a more serious and decisive nature than has heretofore occurred, and which leaves no doubt of the necessity of an immediate application of force and active measures on our part. A large party of Seminole Indians, on the 30th ultimo, formed in ambuscade, on the Appalachicola river, a mile below the junction of the Flint and Chattahoochee, attacked one of our boats, ascending the river near the shore, and killed, wounded, and took, the greater part of the detachment, consisting of forty men, commanded by Lieutenant R.W. Scott of the 7th Infantry. There were also on board, killed or taken, seven women, the wives of soldiers. Six men of the detachment only escaped, four of whom were wounded.

The first volley swept the boat and “Lieutenant Scott and his most valuable men fell.” The warriors then splashed into the river and stormed the boat, climbing over the sides and attacking the survivors with knives and hatchets. Only six of the 40 soldiers in the boat escaped. According to their report, the attackers were not seen until they actually opened fire. When the warriors stormed the boat, the survivors – four of whom were already wounded – leaped overboard and swam from the scene.

Of the 51 men, women and children in the boat, 44 died in the attack. The victims included 34 soldiers from the 4th and 7th U.S. Infantries, six women and four children. Officers at Fort Scott reported in private letters that the children were killed by being picked up by their feet and swung against the sides of the boat until their brains were dashed out. The scalps of the dead, both male and female, were later found hanging in a Seminole village near present-day Tallahassee.

Of the seven survivors, six were the soldiers that escaped to Fort Scott. The seventh was a woman named Mrs. Elizabeth Stewart. According to some sources, her husband, a sergeant, was killed in the attack. Other sources indicate he survived. She was taken prisoner by the warriors. She eventually wound up with the Red Stick band of Peter McQueen and was freed the following spring by Creek warriors fighting on the side of the United States. She moved to Fort Gaines after the war where she married John Dill, an officer in the Georgia militia. They lived out the rest of their lives in the town and tradition holds that her home, now a bed and breakfast inn in Fort Gaines, was built using paper money she picked up from the ground after it was thrown away by her captors. Her grave can be seen in the community’s old pioneer cemetery.

(End of Excerpt)

If you are interested in obtaining a copy of The Early History of Gadsden County, it can be ordered online by clicking here. Copies are also available through the West Gadsden Historical Society. Visit their website at www.gadsdenhistory.org for contact information.

Scotts Massacre of 1817 - Part Two

This is a view of the site of Scott's Massacre from Chattahoochee Landing in Gadsden County.

The battle took place on November 30, 1817, and resulted in the deaths of 34 U.S. soldiers, 6 women and four children. Native American casualties are not know.

The following excerpt is from my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County:

(Begin Excerpt) At the time of the Fowltown raids, a small convoy of supply boats was slowly making its way up the Apalachicola River from the Gulf of Mexico. Filled with soldiers and supplies for Fort Scott, the vessels were having great difficulty because water was running high and the current was strong. Major Peter Muhlenburg of the 4th U.S. Infantry commanded the little flotilla and sent a messenger up to Fort Scott with news of his difficulties. General Gaines immediately ordered a detachment of 40 soldiers to head downstream under Lieutenant Richard W. Scott. Their orders were to do what they could to expedite Muhlenburg’s arrival at the fort.

Scott and his men made contact with Muhlenburg somewhere below present-day Bristol. While Gaines’ intention appears to have been for the entire force to remain together, he was not clear about this in his instructions to the flotilla commander. Major Muhlenburg instead took 20 of Scott’s able-bodied men to replace 20 of his own men that had fallen sick with fever. The sick soldiers were then loaded into the lieutenant’s boat, along with 7 women (the wives of soldiers) and 4 children and Scott was ordered to take them upriver to Fort Scott.

Following his orders, the lieutenant started back upstream. By November 28, 1817, just five days after the second attack on Fowltown, he had reached the Spanish Bluff near present-day Blountstown. Here was located the original “Blunt’s Town,” a Native American village led by the chief John Blunt. Blunt had opposed the Red Sticks during the Creek War and had been driven by them from his home in Alabama. He relocated to the Apalachicola River and settled on land adjacent to a large plantation operated by the traders Edmund Doyle and William Hambly.

Hambly and Doyle warned Scott that he was in danger. A large force of Native Americans was assembling higher up the river, they cautioned, evidently with the intention of intercepting the supply boats as they came upstream.

The news alarmed the lieutenant and he immediately sent a courier overland to Fort Scott with a request for help:

…Mr. Hambly informs me that Indians are assembling at the junction of the river, where they intend to make a stand against those vessels coming up the river; should this be the case, I am not able to make a stand against them. My command does not exceed forty men, and one half sick, and without arms. I leave this immediately.

Despite the warning and his own recognition that his force was insufficient to withstand an attack, Scott then cast off from Spanish Bluff and continued his journey up the Apalachicola. Why he did this is difficult to understand. He may have underestimated the time it would take for his written message to reach General Gaines or he may have questioned the validity of the intelligence provided to him by Hambly and Doyle. Whatever his reason, the decision to continue up the Apalachicola River proved disastrous. (End of Excerpt)

I will continue to post more of this story over coming days. If you are interested in purchasing a copy of The Early History of Gadsden County, it is available for order online by clicking here. It is also available for pick up in Gadsden County through the West Gadsden Historical Society (www.gadsdenhistory.com for phone and address information) and is carried by Chipola River Book and Tea in downtown Marianna (across Lafayette Street from the Battle of Marianna monument).

Scott's Massacre of 1817 - Part One

In my last post, I discussed the unusual life of Elizabeth Stewart Dill, the only female survivor of the 1817 "Scott's Massacre" in Gadsen County, Florida.

The old print at right is an artist's conception of Scott's Massacre prepared for use as an illustration in an early history of the United States. It is now housed in the collections of the New York Public Library.

A native of Virginia, Richard W. Scott had entered the military service during the War of 1812 when he was commissioned as an Ensign in the 35th U.S. Infantry Regiment.

Scott received his appointment on March 31, 1813, and was promoted to third lieutenant by the end of the year. He was promoted to second lieutenant the following October.

When the size of the army was dramatically reduced following the end of the war, Lieutenant Scott was reassigned to the 7th U.S. Infantry.

Sent to Fort Scott on the Flint River arm of today's Lake Seminole with the First Brigade (4th and 7th Infantry Regiments) in response to growing tensions between U.S. Army officers and Neamathla, chief of the nearby village of Fowltown, Scott was dispatched with 40 men in a flatboat to assist a supply flotilla slowly making its way up the Apalachicola River to the fort.

The series of events that followed rank among the most tragic in the history of Florida. Over coming days, I will post excerpts from the chapter on "Scott's Massacre" in my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. Please check back later today for more of the story.

The McLane Massacre of 1840 - Part Three

This is the original "lightard" or pine knot used by Native American warriors in the attack on the McLane cabin.

It is still in the possession of members of the family.

In this post, we continue to excerpt the chapter on the McLane Massacre from my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. For more information on purchasing the book, please visit www.exploresouthernhistory.com/gadsden.

McLane Massacre Excerpt - Part Three

Disappointed in their effort to set the cabin on fire, the warriors now tried to decoy McLane from the cabin by pretending to leave, but he did not emerge so they returned for one final attack. A group of warriors appeared on the west side of the house and began making as much noise as they could in order to distract his attention while a lone warrior with a torch approached the cabin from the east:

…Finally the Indian on the east end left his pine tree and came hopping as it were in a stooping posture toward the house. I had my old musket pointed in the loop-hole, and waited until he had got within twenty or twenty-five feet from the house, when I pulled the trigger and let the big charge of slugs loose. I had aimed at his breast, but I think he hopped just as I pulled the trigger, for he got the whole load in the bowels. The recoil of the old musket set me backward sprawling on the floor, but as I fell I heard the most unearthly screech and yell that ever came from a human throat, and I knew enough about Indians to know it was his death-scream.

The other warriors rushed to the aid of their fallen comrade and McLane soon heard a “low, plaintive wail” and became convinced that he had shot either a chief or the son of a chief. The war party soon disappeared, but the young man had no way of knowing whether they had really gone or if it was merely another ruse.

To his relief, however, he soon saw his step-father returning home with his mule and cart and rushed to the door to signal him to be careful. After learning the situation, the older man instructed McLane to ride for help while he went out to search for the missing women. The warriors were still in the vicinity and pursued the younger man, but he outdistanced them on horseback and soon made it safely to the nearby settlements. His father also escaped and, although he had been unable to locate the females of the family, he arrived safely at the neighboring settlement during the night.

A courier was sent to Fort Braden on the Ochlockonee and a company from there reached Pickett’s settlement the next morning. Riding warily back to the McLane home, they found the cabin in ashes and the farm thoroughly looted. After a thorough search of the surrounding area, the bodies of the mother and children were found:

The next day we found them near the bank of the creek, where they had been murdered. My mother was shot in the forehead and her throat was cut. My sister was shot in the breast, her throat was also cut and she was scalped. She had long, beautiful hair. The two little ones had been brained with a lightwood knot. No language could possibly express my feelings at this moment, knowing that my dearest relatives were lying out there brutally murdered by those red devils.

John K. McLane’s account, given to Rev. Woodward sixty-two years after the fact, mirrors remarkably well with the newspaper reports that appeared within days of the attack. Memories often fade or change over time, but the events of that day were obviously so intense that he remembered them without change for the rest of his life.

The troops from Fort Braden immediately tried to track down the war party responsible for the attack, but once again the warriors disappeared into the swamps and could not be found. The chagrined editor of the Tallahassee Floridian lamented, “We know not how or when these depredations are to be ended.”

The attacks, in fact, were far from over. While the McLane Massacre is well-remembered in Gadsden County, largely because John K. McLane went on to live a long and productive life, it was not the only attack that took place that spring. In fact, within days Pascofa’s warriors unleashed a flurry of violent attacks on Gadsden County, a possible indication that McLane’s surmise about killing the son of a chief may have been correct.

(Note: As mentioned above, this post was excerpted from the new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. The book is available online directly from the printer at www.exploresouthernhistory.com/gadsden and can also be ordered by mail from the West Gadsden Historical Society. To obtain their address, please visit their website at www.gadsdenhistory.org.

The McLane Massacre of 1840 - Part Two

This is the monument erected during the 20th century on the site of the McLane Massacre in Gadsden County, Florida.

The site is now located deep in a wooded area on private property near Greensboro, but the story is one of the best remembered from the early days of Gadsden County.

In this post I will continue with the story of the massacre as told in my new book, The Early History of Gadsden County. You can visit www.exploresouthernhistory.com/dalecox for ordering information or check with the West Gadsden Historical Society, Inc. (visit their website at http://www.gadsdenhistory.org/ for contact information).

Continuing now with the excerpt from the new book:

McLane Massacre Chapter Excerpt, Continued...

Many years later, when he was a man in his eighties, John McLane gave a vivid account of the attack to Rev. A.L. Woodward. After providing information on the community as it appeared at that time and location of the cabin, McLane described how he had just gone out to find herbs for tea when he heard an unexpected sound:

I had gone out and was between the house and the cowpen when I heard a ripping in the low bushes northwest of the house. At first I thought it was some of our cattle, which had taken fright at something and were running to the pen, but upon turning around, what was my horror to see a band of eighteen Creek warriors in full war costume, armed with guns, scalping knives and bows and arrows, coming toward the house in a run.

I screamed to my sister, `run to the house, the Indians! the Indians!' She sprang off like a deer and soon gained the house. I also ran in the direction of the house, but before I reached it the foremost warrior stopped, threw his rifle upon me and fired. The ball grazed my left shoulder, inflicting a trifling wound.

The McLane cabin, like most of those days, was stoutly built. It measured about 12 by 15 feet, had a door on the east side, a shuttered window and a fireplace. Loopholes had been cut in the logs to allow the inhabitants to fire through in the event of attack and McLane was quick to take advantage of these:

I succeeded in getting into the house and fastening the door when the Indians, with their usual cowardice, fearing they would be shot from the loop-hole, retreated to the kitchen and proceeded to hold a big feast with what they found there. We had plenty of bacon, meal and other provisions, and there was also a quantity of cooked food. We could plainly hear them as they cooked and feasted, but they were careful not to expose themselves to fire from the loop-holes.

Due to fear of fire, kitchens were often detached from homes during the 19th century and this was the case at the McLane cabin. The kitchen was a separate building behind the cabin and nearby was the farm blacksmith shop. Staying clear of McLane’s gunfire from the cabin, the warriors ate the food in the kitchen and began to collect provisions and other supplies to take with them. The attack might well have ended there, with the well-armed family barricaded in the stout little log cabin, but events were just beginning to unfold:

…Then occurred the awful tragedy of the day, the memory of which will never fade from my mind. My mother had taken up the idea that she could take the children and escape to the east, keeping the house between her and the Indians in the kitchen, until she got across the branch, when she could then reach the Pickett or McDougal settlement, four miles away. I pleaded with her not to make the attempt, telling her that the Indians always had pickets out, who would see her, and begged her to remain and all die together. But she was determined to go, and I think her judgment was overcome by terror and excitement.

McLane pleaded with his mother not to go, but she climbed from the window of the cabin with the three girls, one of thirteen, one of two and one that was still a baby. As the young man watched, they started to run down the sloping ground to a small branch or creek that flowed into the Telogia:

Looking through a loop-hole my worst fears were realized, for I saw two Indians running around on the north side to head her off. I opened the door and jumped out and was taking aim at one of those Indians when a bullet from the rear whistled past my head and I was forced to jump back into the house and fasten the door. In another moment I heard the screams of my mother and sister and then two shots rang out and all was still.

There was little doubt in McLane’s mind as to what had happened and he knew that his mother and sisters were dead. But, in his own words, “I did not have much time to think.” The silence that had followed the attack on the women was followed by a loud roar from the cabin and he quickly realized that the kitchen had been set on fire, evidently in hopes that the flames would spread to the main house. The effort failed, however, and the warriors now tried a new ploy:

There was a quantity of cotton in the workshop, and they rolled this into balls which they set afire and threw upon the roof of the house by means of long poles, which they cut near the branch. But the balls of burning cotton rolled off the steep roof without igniting it. This I did not know at the time, and, thinking that my jig was about up, I determined to sell my life dearly, and made preparations accordingly. Pulling the heavy dinner table across the room to act as a sort of breastwork or barricade, I laid my musket, heavily loaded with slugs, upon it. Then taking my rifle, I placed the muzzle to my forehead to see if I could pull the trigger with my naked toe, having determined to kill myself rather than be captured. As I lowered the rifle I discovered to my dismay that it was cocked and the trigger sprung, and I had actually touched it with my toe in experimenting. It was a wonder I did not discharge it and kill myself prematurely.

McLane remembered that he was “praying with all my soul” through the ordeal and that “my prayers were answered.” The wind that had been blowing from the west, pushing the flames from the kitchen closer and closer to the cabin, suddenly shifted.

(Note: This posting is excerpting from the book, The Early History of Gadsden County. I will have more on the McLane Massacre in the next post).

The McLane Massacre of 1840 - Part One

Note: The following is excerpted from The Early History of Gadsden County. The new book is available in both paperback and hardcover. For ordering information, please click here.

The early months of 1840 signaled a renewal of hostility between Pascofa’s Creeks and the white settlers in the region. U.S. troops had built Fort Yates at Estiffanulga Bluff following the attacks there the previous year, but when the subsequent campaign failed to uncover the hiding places of the Creeks, the fort was abandoned and a stockade and blockhouse named Fort Preston were built at Bristol. Fort Braden at Jackson Bluff also remained occupied and additional forts were constructed to the east near Wakulla Spring and at the natural bridge of the St. Marks River. The arsenal at Chattahoochee, of course, also remained occupied.

Pascofa seems to have viewed the growing military presence as an opportunity rather than a danger. The presence of the new fort at Bristol required the army to send supplies and provisions across Gadsden County by wagon and the Creeks quickly decided to appropriate a shipment for their own use. In late January they struck at a site a few miles west of Greensboro:

On Saturday last, a wagon, loaded with provisions for one of the posts, was attacked, near Carnochan’s plantation, by a party of twenty or thirty Indians. The guard, consisting of three men, attempted a defence, but were driven off, and one of their number wounded. The wagon was captured and burnt. Capt. Bullock, with his company of dragoons, is in pursuit of the savages. A few days previous, a party of Indians, supposed to be the same that attacked the wagon, were fallen upon by our troops, and so closely pursued as to abandon their packs and plunder.[i]

The Carnochan’s plantation referred to in the dispatch was the one located near Bristol and Fort Preston, but an army map dated 1841 shows the attack site to have been well to the north at about the point where the old Federal Road passed from Liberty into Gadsden County.[ii]

The attack near Greensboro was followed by the destruction of Rowlett’s Mill to the south and a bloody massacre of the Harlan family across the Apalachicola near Iola. Troops pushed back into the rugged country between the Apalachicola and Ochlockonee Rivers in pursuit of the warriors, but again results were minimal and the militiamen returned home.

No sooner had the troops withdrawn, however, than one of Pascofa’s war parties carried out what for Gadsden County residents has become the best known incident of the Seminole/Creek wars – the McLane Massacre.

John K. McLane, then twenty years old (although newspapers of the time described him as 16), was at home with his mother and three younger children in a little log cabin not far from Telogia Creek when they were suddenly set upon by Creek warriors. One of the young girls first saw them and ran to the house to give the alarm:

…Mrs. McLean took her children, three in number, and made for the hammock, when they were overtaken and inhumanly butchered by the Indians. Mrs. McLean’s throat was cut, and her children beaten to death with pine-knots. The Indians returned to the house, where Mr. McLean’s son, about 16 years of age, had determined to defend himself, and fired frequently at the Indians.[iii]

(I will continue to excerpt the chapter on the McLane Massacre over the coming days. Please check back for more!)

[i] Tallahassee Floridian, February 1, 1840, p. 1.
[ii] Map of Operations, Middle Florida, 1841, National Archives.
[iii] Tallahassee Floridian, May 2, 1840.

An 1823 Map of the Gadsden County, Florida

This is a map of the Gadsden County as it appeared in 1823, before the county was actually established by the Florida Territorial Legislative Council. It is from the collections of the National Archives.

It is interesting for a number of reasons. First, it shows a number of the early "roads" or trails that crossed through Gadsden County before the establish of communities such as Quincy, Chattahoochee, Havana and Greensboro.

In the upper left, where the Georgia State Line intersects with the Apalachicola River, can be seen a symbol for "Nichols' Old Fort." This was an outpost built by the British at present-day Chattahoochee during the War of 1812. Armed with two pieces of artillery and occupied by as many as 800 men, the fort was held by English in 1814-1815 and was intended for use as a base for a planned invasion of Georgia. The war ended before the campaign could take place.

Notice also symbols for a number of Native American villages and other points of interest.

The Confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers

This early photograph, taken before construction began on the Jim Woodruff Dam during the late 1940s, shows the confluence or "forks" of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers as it appeared before the completion of Lake Seminole.

This was an important intersection on one of the most significant early "super highways" in the United States.

The Chattahoochee, Flint and Apalachicola Rivers provided water access to the modern states of Florida, Alabama and Georgia. Used by Native Americans as well as early Spanish and English explorers, the "Tri-Rivers System" was vital to the history of Gadsden County and tens of thousands of square miles of adjoining country.

This view shows four counties and two states. The left bank of the river is Jackson County, Florida. The point of land visible in the distance between the mouths of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers is Seminole County, Georgia. The right bank includes a small section of Decatur County, Georgia, and Gadsden County, Florida.

The earliest descriptions of the confluence appear in the records of Spanish missionaries and soldiers. Bishop Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderon visited this point in 1675. Although he did not mention the Flint, he described both the Apalachicola and Chattahoochee Rivers as a single stream - the "Apalachicoli." He officiated at the dedication of a mission called La Encarnacion a la Santa Cruz de Sabacola on the point of land formed by the Chattahoochee (flowing in from the left) and Flint (flowing in from the right).

The area was also described in Spanish reports and journals dating from 1677, 1686 and 1693. In 1716, Lieutenant Diego Pena traveled to the confluence from St. Augustine and visited a village of Apalachicoli (Lower Creek) Indians living on the former site of the Sabacola mission. He described the combined Apalachicola/Chattahoochee Rivers as the Apalachicola and the Flint as the "Pedernales."

If you are interested in learning more, please consider purchasing a copy of The Early History of Gadsden County. The book is available in both paperback and hardcover and profits benefit the West Gadsden Historical Society. For more information, please visit www.exploresouthernhistory.com/gadsden.

Welcome to my new History of Gadsden County, Florida page!

Welcome and thank you for visiting my new page on the history of Gadsden County, Florida!

This beautiful county is located in the "Big Bend" region of Florida, just west of Tallahassee. Gadsden County is named for James Gadsden, a 19th century American soldier and diplomat, and was the fifth county established in Florida after the transfer of the territory from Spain to the United States. The county seat is Quincy.

The goal of this page is to share free information on the history, historic sites, folklore, culture and people of Gadsden County. I hope you will feel free to ask questions or make comments by using the "comment" feature available at the end of each post.

I will share articles and photographs throughout the week, so please check back in daily for the latest!

Best,

Dale Cox